12/10/2023 0 Comments Metasequoia plant![]() Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) is widely used to predict species distributions and has been applied to identify climate refugia 14. Many plant species show a considerable degree of evolutionary and ecological conservatism: the climatic niche of a species remains unchanged over a given time period 12, 13. Plant distributions are strongly controlled by climatic factors and changes in climate can result in the dispersal, migration, evolution/adaptation, and extinction of species 10, 11. ![]() One of the central challenges of biology is the explanation of evolutionary processes and prediction of species richness 8, 9. The mountains offer macroclimatic and microclimatic conditions and a complexity of habitats favoring the existence of diversified woody vegetation, ranging from tropical rain forests, to warm and humid subtropical/warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, then to temperate deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forests, and finally to cold temperate coniferous forests of Abies and Picea (Supplementary Fig. The monsoonal climate of East Asia gives rise, in combination with strong elevational diversification, to a great variety of vegetation types (Supplementary Fig. 2A), but their contribution to regional rainfall is relatively small because of their long continental trajectory. The northwestern part of China is, apart from these monsoon systems, also influenced by the westerlies of the Northern Hemisphere 7 (Supplementary Fig. The climate of the area is characterized by the East Asian monsoon system (Supplementary Fig. 80☎), Mongolia, the eastern and central Himalayas (Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, northern Myanmar), peninsular India-Sri Lanka, the deltaic plain of Bangladesh, southern Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, while Malaya, Indonesia and neighboring islands are excluded (Supplementary Figs. Here the broad area of East Asia is taken to include China, Japan, Korea, eastern Russia (east of ca. Today, many of these relic lineages (some were relatively speciose such as Gingkoales 6) are reduced to a few or even to a single species (Supplementary Figs. Accordingly, East Asia has been functioning as a region with a large number of late Neogene/Quaternary refuge areas for plant taxa 3, 4, 5. The continent of East Asia was generally not covered by ice-sheets to the same degree as Europe and North America during the ice ages 1, enabling a greater persistence of plant taxa there (with some having originated at the Paleogene or even earlier) during the Pleistocene 2. Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 4488 ( 2018) Identifying long-term stable refugia for relict plant species in East Asia
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